Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is an entity of variable incidence according to the country and it is prevalent in Colombia and Latin America. The purpose of this report is to present two cases of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis with unusual associations with other retinal diseases. The first case corresponds to a young immunocompetent patient who developed toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in one eye and was treated. Six years later, he presented a similar picture in the contralateral eye and the same diagnostic was done. But the evolution was torpid and finally an herpetic acute retinal necrosis was confirmed. The second case corresponds to a healthy young patient, who developed toxoplasma retinochoroiditis and at the time of diagnosis he had exudative lesions in the same eye, that difficulted the diagnosis and were due to adult Coats´ disease.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess five intraocular lens (IOL) formula refractive outcomes in eyes with extreme axial length (AL) in the day-to-day practice of a secondary care center. Design: This is a retrospective consecutive case series. Methods: From all uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgeries performed during 2018 (n = 1528), eyes with AL ≤22 mm and ≥25 mm were included and, after applying exclusion criteria, were validated (n = 114). Five IOL power formula predictions were compared to registered postsurgical refractions using IOL Master 500^©. Two subgroups were created: eyes with AL ≤22 mm (n = 52) and AL ≥25 mm (n = 62). The formula performance in each subgroup was assessed by values of mean error, mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error, standard deviation, and frequencies of eyes within lesser values of prediction error (PE). Results: The formulae presented different PE values in both subgroups. In AL ≤22 mm subgroup, the MAE was 0.622 (±0.120) for Barrett II, 0.684 (±0.153) for Haigis, 0.625 (±0.131) for Hoffer Q, 0.593 (±0.130) for Holladay I, and 0.593 (±0.119) for SRK/T, without statistical significance (P > 0.05). In AL ≥25 mm subgroup, the MAE was 0.409 (±0.110) for Barrett II, 0.739 (±0.159) for Haigis, 1.143 (±0.224) for Hoffer Q, 1.058 (±0.212) for Holladay I, and 0.928 (±0.190) for SRK/T, with statistical significance compared to Barrett II and Haigis (P < 0.001). In this subgroup, the application of Wang–Koch AL adjustment seemed an advantage in Hoffer Q and Holladay I, whereas a disadvantage in Haigis and SRK/T. Conclusions: Despite performing better than any other formulae, the 4^th generation formulae performed worse than initially expected. Formula constants might explain this difference, and different IOL models can be used. However, these limitations are faced in day-to-day practice. Thus, these results hold their value as real-life refractive outcomes in eyes with extreme AL.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate the structure-function relationship measured with NIDEK RS-3000 advance spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and standard automated perimetry (SAP) in a Hispanic population. Methods: Eighty-three eyes with open-angle glaucoma (mean age: 63.4 years, 24% male and 76% female) and 163 eyes with glaucoma suspects (mean age: 51.6 years, 38% male and 62% female) were included in a cross-sectional study. The connection between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic disc and ganglion cell complex (GCC) reduction, and visual field losses were evaluated, and Pearson's correlation coefficients (R) was calculated. Results: A significant but mild correlation (R = 0.24; P < 0.002) was seen between functional and structural parameters in glaucoma suspects. After the classification of the patients by the Hodapp–Parrish–Anderson glaucoma grading scale, at mild glaucoma, it was established a significant correlation between SAP with temporal RNFL (R = 0314; P < 0.003) and optic disc (R = 0.36; P < 0.012). In relation to moderate glaucoma, it was found a higher correlation between temporal thinning of RNFL (R = 0.734; P < 0.005) and inferior GCC (R = 0.506; P < 0.023). At advanced glaucoma, there was a stronger correlation (R = 0.711;xz P < 0.014) between superior RNFL and optic disc with corresponding topographic SAP locations. Conclusions: There were significant correlations between RNFL, optic disc and GCC loss, and deficits on SAP that increase with the glaucoma severity. This damage could be predictive of visual field loss, the defects went from generalized to localized, and the change rates were directly related to the stage of the disease.

Context: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are related to the dissemination of the pathogen and to the regulation of the host immune system in infectious diseases. However, the role of EVs in Ocular toxoplasmosis remains unclear. Aims: The goal of this study was to identify and characterize the concentration and size of EVs in the aqueous humor (AH) and plasma of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) compared to other types of uveitis (OTU) and cataract. Settings and Design: AH and plasma were collected from six patients with active OT, six patients with OTU, and six patients with cataract. All patients were also assessed clinically. Subjects and Methods: EVs were isolated using the membrane affinity column method. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) was performed to determine the size and concentration of EVs. Statistical Analysis Used: The ANOVA test was used to determine statistical difference. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: EV was present in the AH of different types of uveitis as well as in patients with cataract. The concentration of EV in AH was significantly lower in OT and OTU compared to cataract (P = 0.03). However, in the plasma, all groups presented a similar concentration of EV. The size of EV was the same in the AH and plasma among the three groups. Conclusion: This initial study successfully identified and characterized EVs in the AH and plasma from patients with OT as well as OTU and cataract. Further studies are necessary to better understand the role of EVs in different ocular pathologies.