Myopia, as the most common source of distance vision impairment in the world, is a serious global public health and socioeconomic crisis. Although more than half of the world population will be myopic by 2050, none of the myopia control strategies has been demonstrated to completely stop the development or progression of myopia. This is due to the fact that myopia is progressing faster than its management options. It should also be emphasized that none of the current myopia control strategies is practically in use for some reason except for research purposes. It is of critical importance to realize that without any effectual controls or therapeutic interventions, myopia crisis enlarges further.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report the characteristics and the bacterial microbiological frequency of the etiological agents and the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated pathogens in infectious keratitis in Mexico between 2012 and 2016. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, and observational study; medical records of all patients who presented in the cornea department in Mexico with infectious keratitis from 2012 to 2016 were reviewed. Demographic data, Gram stain, and microorganisms obtained in the culture and antibiotic sensitivities were evaluated by disc diffusion test. Results: In the studied period, a total of 639 (40.67%) cases that had a positive culture were included; 54.5% were male with an average age of 48.50 ± 20.43. Gram-positive agents were the most frequent with 80.66% of cases. The most frequent causative agent was Staphylococcus epidermidis (36.61%). The most frequent Gram-negative agent was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.55%). The antibiotic with the highest sensitivity was netilmicin (90.3%), followed by moxifloxacin (82.3%) and gatifloxacin (81.3%). Among fortified antibiotics, ceftazidime had a sensitivity of 78% while vancomycin 43.8% (for Gram positive). Conclusion: Bacteria are the most common cause of infectious keratitis, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas as the most common isolates. There was low resistance to netilmicin and fourth-generation fluoroquinolones for these isolates.

To report the use of intravitreal dexamethasone implant and its short-term efficacy in a pediatric patient with Coats' disease. A 7-year-old patient was referred to the clinic because of decreased visual acuity in the right eye of 10-month duration. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/400. Funduscopic examination showed evidence of Stage 2B Coats' disease. The patient underwent treatment with laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, and intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant. During the 10-month follow-up, there was no evidence of side effects. Anatomical resolution was evident on funduscopic examination and macular optical coherence tomography, with best-corrected visual acuity being 20/60. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant was effective during the 10-month follow-up; providing improvement in visual acuity without any side effects.

Summary: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working-age persons in high-income countries. A public system strategy was developed to improve screening, using telemedicine, automatic detection using artificial intelligence (A/I) and medical reporting. In the current work, we evaluated program efficiency. Material: We conducted a cross-sectional study using information from an institutional database of retinographies submitted to the A/I platform in 2019. With a positive test, a medical report was made using the international scale. Results: In 2019, 220,994 retinographies were reported, corresponding to 24.0% of diabetic patients. Around half (53.0%) of cases were discarded by A/I, being different in each regional health service. The medical analysis discarded diabetic retinopathy in 30.2% of exams, 11.5% had diabetic retinopathy, including 2.3% with risk of blindness, while 3.7% could not be evaluated. Discussion: The use of A/I allowed optimizing the medical resources, discarded 53% of cases, which helped in the screening of diabetic retinopathy. Coverage is still insufficient, and detection of macular edema must be improved.

Introduction: A chalazion is a common localized lipogranulomatous inflammation of the eyelid. Histopathological diagnosis of chalazia is essential to rule out malignancy in particular sebaceous carcinoma. Our aim is to understand and classify the histopathological findings of chalazia and to determine any association with a patient's demographics. Materials and Methods: H and E sections were reviewed and classified into four categories: (1) lipogranulomas only, (2) lipogranulomas with multinucleated giant cells, (3) lipogranulomas with abscess, and (4) fibrosis without lipogranulomas or granulomatous inflammation. Patients' sex, age, and location of the lesion were analyzed. Results: Five hundred and forty cases included men (54.6%) and women (45.4%) with the mean age of 45.3 (13–89; standard deviation, 16.8). Five hundred and eight had information regarding location: left lower eyelid, 21.1%; right lower eyelid, 19.5%; left upper eyelid, 30.5%; and right upper eyelid, 28.9%. Category 1 accounted for 44.6%; category 2, 41.5%; category 3, 7.0%; and category 4, 6.9%. There was no significant correlation between classification and sex (P = 0.210) or age group (0–50 and > 50) (P = 0.369) nor between presence of giant cells and/or abscess and location (P = 0.826). Mean ages of category 1 (47.0) and 2 (43.1) were significantly different (P = 0.011). Conclusion: Four histopathological subtypes were equally distributed across sexes and eyelid locations. Individuals in category 1 are older than category 2. Favoring a systematic way to analyze the histopathology of chalazia may result in fewer missed diagnoses of malignancy and other inflammatory or infectious diseases.

Purpose: The purpose was to study the proportion and risk factors for posterior capsular rent (PCR) in small incision cataract surgery in a teaching hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of all cases with PCR in small incision cataract surgery performed between November 2015 and May 2018. The medical records were analyzed and data were collected. Results: There were a total of 63 cases of PCR out of 4206 cases who underwent small incision cataract surgery with a 1.68% PCR rate. The mean age was 65.5 years and the male-to-female ratio was 2.15:1. There was no association between nuclear sclerosis, pupil dilatation, and pseudoexfoliation. Resident operated surgeries had a PCR rate of 1.96 compared to faculty operated surgeries which was 1.46. Three faculty surgeons accounted for 54.3% of the cases while the remaining ten surgeons accounted for 45.7% of the cases. Postoperative day 1 vision was low, with only 19% achieving >6/18 vision, and 54% of the individuals needed more than one topical drug and 61.5% were started on oral steroids. Conclusion: Surgeon- and patient-related factors are equally important in avoiding posterior capsule rent in cataract surgeries. Patient-related factors should be carefully assessed preoperatively on slit-lamp biomicroscope, so that surgeons are prepared for all the complications and visual morbidity limited. Surgeon factors also need to be looked into and efforts have to be made to limit them and thus ensure the right to vision to each patient.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of manual small incision cataract surgery (mSICS) versus phacoemulsification in a referral center from a low-to-middle-income country. Subjects and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 177 eyes with visually significant cataract and ≤1.0 diopter (D) of keratometric astigmatism was intervened during 2017 by four surgeons either by mSICS or by phacoemulsification. Last follow-up was at 4–6 weeks. Outcome measures included postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE), complications, and re-interventions. Results: The mSICS group included 107 eyes; the phacoemulsification group included 70 eyes. UDVA was comparable between both groups; 89.6% in the mSICS group and 95.7% in the phacoemulsification group achieved a UDVA ≥6/18 (20/60) (P = 0.06). CDVA was comparable between both groups; 100% in the mSICS cohort and 98.6% in the phacoemulsification cohort had a CDVA ≥6/18 (20/60) (P = 0.26). Although the absolute difference in postoperative refractive astigmatism between both groups was small, it was statistically significant in favor of the phacoemulsification group (P = 0.02). Postoperative refractive SE was also comparable between both cohorts (P = 0.64). One intraoperative complication was found in the phacoemulsification group (1.4%), with no complications in the mSICS group. However, there were six reoperations in the mSICS cohort (5.6%) and no reoperations in the phacoemulsification one. Conclusions: Both mSICS and phacoemulsification achieved excellent visual outcomes with low complication rates. Phacoemulsification gives better UDVA and lower postoperative refractive astigmatism in a larger proportion of patients at 4–6 weeks.