Descement's membrane detachment (DMD) is separation of Descemet's membrane (DM) from the overlying stroma. It is manifested as corneal oedema at the site of detachment. With the rising number of phacoemulsification in the world, the DMD becomes an important complication that may require additional surgical intervention leading to an increase in economic as well as a social burden on the patient and hospital. Descemet's membrane detachment(DMD) is an uncommon complication of cataract surgery that may lead to corneal scarring and poor post-op vision gain. Till now, there is no standardized protocol for the management of DMD. Various authors have tried to classify DMD. Newer techniques such as AS-OCT, Schiemflug imaging, etc have helped in the early detection of DMD chance improving the prognosis.

Studies have shown that age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients present a poor prognosis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These diseases have completely different etiologies and clinical courses. COVID-19 is a systemic, fast-evolving, and lethal infectious disease. AMD, in turn, is a chronic disease triggered by oxidative stress and is considered the main cause of irreversible blindness in old age. Both COVID-19 and AMD have in common the participation of immunological and inflammatory components arising from the imbalance of the redox state, responsible for the most severe phases of these diseases. Therefore, this study aims to present the triggering pathways of these diseases, as well as analyze the possible molecular mechanisms that increase the severity of COVID-19 in patients with AMD.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the magnitude and severity of dry eye disease (DED) in medical students as per assessed by the questionnaire Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Schirmer's test. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of a 2-month duration involving medical students was conducted to determine the magnitude and severity of DED. Dry eye was assessed through self-administered questionnaire, Schirmer's test, and OSDI scoring. Results: The most common symptom among the participants was eyestrain in 39% (N = 31) followed by headache in 33% (N = 26). Based on Schirmer's test, 75% (n = 60) of the participants were normal, 8% (n = 6) students had mild DED, 5% (N = 4) students with moderate DED, and 11% (N = 9) students had severe DED. Based on OSDI scoring, 59% (n = 47) participants were normal, 28% (n = 21) had mild DED, 11% (N = 9) had moderate, while 2% (N = 2) had severe DED. Conclusion: In this era of digitalization, DED has engulfed the younger population who are spending greater hours on different digital devices. The prevalence of symptomatic dry eyes in our study was 41% while it was 25% based on signs. This should raise concern among the caregivers to increase awareness regarding dry eyes and give strict guidelines restricting screen time. The use of ergonomic practices such as appropriate lighting in a room, adjusting digital screen parameters (resolution, text size, contrast, and luminance), and taking frequent breaks while using the screen should be encouraged.

World Sickle Cell Awareness Day is celebrated every June 19 to raise awareness for sickle cell disease (SCD). Access to health services remains unequitable in countries affected by the disease and stigma surrounding patients hinders access to therapies. SCD is the most common severe monogenic disease in the world and is characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. Major complications include vaso-occlusive events, hemolytic anemia, and inflammation. Microvascular events in the eye are namely responsible for sickle cell retinopathy with or without vasoproliferative changes. Methods included the electronic search of peer-reviewed English literature published until 2021, which was screened, appraised in full version, and incorporated into the review as deemed necessary. This review provides a summary of disease mechanisms and ocular manifestations, and highlights the importance of early diagnosis, close management with imaging technology, and therapeutic avenues for patients with SCD. In addition to significant healthcare barriers encountered by patients and their families, early diagnosis for SCD must be posed by physicians. It is crucial for the healthcare community to become better familiarized with the disease manifestations for early recognition and prevention of chronic complications and morbidity.

Myopia, as the most common source of distance vision impairment in the world, is a serious global public health and socioeconomic crisis. Although more than half of the world population will be myopic by 2050, none of the myopia control strategies has been demonstrated to completely stop the development or progression of myopia. This is due to the fact that myopia is progressing faster than its management options. It should also be emphasized that none of the current myopia control strategies is practically in use for some reason except for research purposes. It is of critical importance to realize that without any effectual controls or therapeutic interventions, myopia crisis enlarges further.

Purpose: By examining associations between vision loss and various types of psychopathology within the literature, this manuscript will provide ophthalmologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists insight into the relationships between vision and psychopathology to foster cross-professional relations. Design: Retrospective narrative literature review. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus searches. Study types included reviews, case studies, survey analyses, population-based studies, and twin studies, among others. Topics explored include mental health consequences of vision loss, functional neurological disorders and deception syndromes, eye specific personality changes, Charles Bonnet syndrome, and vision disorders associated with psychosis. Results: Visual impairment correlates with depression and worsened overall quality of life and mental health. Visual health clinicians should improve competencies in basic suicide risk assessments in collaboration with primary care providers and mental health colleagues. When patients with functional neurological disorders or deception syndromes present, understanding their symptoms and motivations is crucial for proper management. Patients with myopia and keratoconus are anecdotally alleged to have unique personalities; however, research shows openness is the only trait correlated with myopia, while a proposed “keratoconus personality” is unfounded. The unique vivid hallucinations of Charles Bonnet syndrome typically do not bother patients and physician reassurance is usually enough to ease the anxious patient. Finally, Usher syndrome involves congenital deafness and progressive blindness in young children with links to psychosis and schizophrenia. Conclusions: The bidirectional psychosomatic ophthalmological landscape highlights a need to improve screening, recognition, and integrated treatment coordination between visual health providers and mental health providers.

The two immunosuppressants most used topically in ophthalmology are cyclosporine (CS) and tacrolimus (TL). Their mechanism of action is similar, but the TL is ten to a hundred times more powerful than the CS. We reviewed the studies found in the literature on the use of topical TL and described them, as follows, divided by indication of use. Topical TL is effective and safe against inflammatory and immunological processes of the ocular surface, although it is less powerful than corticosteroids, it has fewer side effects.

Pinguecula is a common disease in tropical countries however there are not so many published articles regarding its aetiology, signs , symptoms and management . It seems that Ultraviolet rays play an important role and it is one of the reasons that explain the prevalence in zones near the equator. Pingüeculas behave different in the nasal than in the temporal side playing an important role in the development of pterygium which explains the high incidence of its nasal location. Regarding treatment and management , there are different approaches that will discussed in this mayor review.